INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations, flourishing around 3300–1300 BCE in present-day Pakistan and northwest India. It was known for its advanced city planning, drainage systems, and trade networks.
Key Features:
Major Cities: Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, Lothal.
- Urban Planning: Grid-based city layout, well-constructed drainage, and brick houses.
- The Great Bath: A large water tank in Mohenjo-daro, possibly used for ritual bathing.
- Trade & Economy: Trade links with Mesopotamia, use of standardized weights and measures.
- Writing System: The Indus script remains undeciphered.
- Arts & Crafts: Terracotta figurines, pottery, seals with animal motifs.
- Decline: Possible reasons include climate change, river shifts, or invasion theories.



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